Middle Ages and Renaissance in Fencing and Olympic Fencing Tickets

Fencing schools can be found in European historical records dating back to the 12th century. In later times fencing teachers were paid by rich patrons to produce books about their fighting systems, called treatises. Fencing schools were forbidden in some European cities during the medieval period, though court records show that such schools operated illegally.

The earliest surviving treatise on fencing stored at the Royal Armories Museum in Leeds, England, dates from around 1300 AD and is from Germany. It is known as I.33 and written in Medieval Latin and Middle High German and deals with an advanced system of using the sword and buckler together.

From 1400 onwards an increasing number of fencing treatises survived from across Europe, with the majority from the 15th century coming from Germany and Italy. In this period these arts were largely reserved for the knighthood and the nobility hence most treatises deal with knightly weapons, such as the roundel dagger, longs word, spear, poll axe and armored fighting mounted and on foot. Some treatises cover weapons available to the common classes, such as grebes Messer and sword and buckler. Wrestling, both with and without weapons, armored and unarmored, was also featured heavily in the early fencing treatises.

By the 16th century, with the widespread adoption of the printing press, the increase in the urban population and other social changes, the number of treatises increased dramatically. After around 1500 carrying swords became more acceptable in most parts of Europe. The growing middle classes meant that more men could afford to carry swords, learn fencing and be seen as gentlemen. By the middle of the 16th century many European cities contained great numbers of fencing schools, often clustered together, such as in London at "Hanging Sword Lane". Italian fencing masters were particularly popular and set up schools in many foreign cities. The Italians brought concepts of science to the art, appealing to the Renaissance mindset.

In 16th century Germany compendia of older Fechtbucher techniques were produced, some of them printed, notably by Paulus Hector Mair  and by Joachim Meyer, based on 14th century teachings of the Liechtenauer tradition. In this period German fencing developed sportive tendencies.

The rapier's popularity peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Dardi school of the 1530s, as exemplified by Achille Marozzo, still taught the two handed spadone, but preferred the single handed sword. The success of Italian masters such as Marozzo and Fabris outside of Italy shaped a new European mainstream of fencing.

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Fencing Antiquity and Olympic Fencing Tickets

The origins of armed combat are prehistoric, beginning with club, spear and axe. Fighting with shield and sword developed in the Bronze Age; Bladed weapons such as the khopesh appeared in the Middle Bronze Age, and the proper sword in the Late Bronze Age.

Homer's Iliad includes some of the earliest descriptions of combat with shield, sword and spear, usually between two heroes who pick one another for a duel. Roman gladiators engaged in dual combat in a sport-like setting, evolving out of Etruscan ritual. Tomb frescoes from Paestum “4th century BC” show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiatory funeral blood rite that anticipates gladiator games.

Romans who frequented the gymnasia and baths often fenced with a stick whose point was covered with a ball. Vegetius, the Late Roman military writer described practicing against a post and fencing with other soldiers. Vegetius describes how the Romans preferred the thrust over the cut, because puncture wounds enter the vital organs directly whereas cuts are often stopped by armor and bone. Raising the arm to deliver a cut exposes the side to a thrust. This doctrine was exploited by Italian fencing masters in the 16th Century and became the primary rationale behind both the Italian and French schools of fencing.

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Fencing Terminology and Olympic Fencing Tickets

The English term fencing, in the sense of "the action or art of using the sword scientifically" dates to the late 16th century, when it denoted systems designed for the Renaissance rapier. The first known use of defens in reference to Renaissance swordsmanship is in William Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor: "Alas sir, I cannot fence." This specialized usage replaced the generic fight.

The verb to fence derived from the noun fence, originally meaning "the act of defending", etymologically derived from Old French defens "defense", ultimately from the Latin. The first attestation of Middle English fens "defense" dates to the 14th century.  The origins of armed combat are prehistoric, beginning with club, spear and axe. Fighting with shield and sword developed in the Bronze Age; Bladed weapons such as the khopesh appeared in the Middle Bronze Age, and the proper sword in the Late Bronze Age. Homer's Iliad includes some of the earliest descriptions of combat with shield, sword and spear, usually between two heroes who pick one another for a duel. Roman gladiators engaged in dual combat in a sport-like setting, evolving out of Etruscan ritual. Tomb frescoes from Paestum “4th century BC” show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiatory funeral blood rite that anticipates gladiator games.

Romans who frequented the gymnasia and baths often fenced with a stick whose point was covered with a ball. Vegetius, the Late Roman military writer described practicing against a post and fencing with other soldiers. Vegetius describes how the Romans preferred the thrust over the cut, because puncture wounds enter the vital organs directly whereas cuts are often stopped by armor and bone. Raising the arm to deliver a cut exposes the side to a thrust. This doctrine was exploited by Italian fencing masters in the 16th Century and became the primary rationale behind both the Italian and French schools of fencing.

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Mariel Zagunis and Fencing Tickets

Mariel Leigh Zagunis was born on March 3, 1985 in Beaverton, Oregon. She is an American Olympic sabre fencer, of Lithuanian heritage. She won the gold medals in the individual sabre at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics. She is only the second American ever to have won a gold medal in Olympic fencing.

Zagunis is the daughter of Olympians. Her parents, Robert and Cathy Zagunis, were collegiate rowers, at Oregon State University and Connecticut College, respectively, before competing with the U.S. rowing team at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Her older brother Marten and younger brother Merrick also fence sabre. She was the first American fencer to hold the Jr. World Cup Champion title 2002, and she did so three years in a row 2002, 2003 and 2004. She is the youngest fencer ever to win the FIE World Championship gold, and the youngest fencer to win three FIE medals in one season. Zagunis won the FIE over-all medal three years in a row. She was the first fencer in the history of the sport to hold more than two World Champion titles in one season.

She an athletic scholarship and entered the University of Notre Dame in 2004 on behalf of that scholarship. In October 2005, Zagunis won her seventh World Champion title at the Leipzig, Germany World Championships, in the women's team event. A year later at the 2006 World Fencing Championships she won the silver, after losing the final to Rebecca Ward. She is the second U.S. fencer in history to have won the World Cup total points Title from the FIE. The Women's Sabre event was being contested for the first time at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Zagunis did not directly qualify to fence in the tournament. However, Nigeria decided not to send their qualifying fencer to the tournament, and as the next highest seeded fencer in the world, Zagunis was selected to represent the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Zagunis entered the 2008 Summer Olympics seeded sixth. She received a bye in the first round, entering the tournament when there were 32 fencers remaining. She trailed at the break in her round of 32 matches against Sandra Sassine 8–7, but scored eight of the last ten touches to win 15–10. She then defeated Bogna Jozwiak 15–13 in the Round of 16. She beat Bao Yingying in the quarterfinals, 15–9. Zagunis then faced her training partner from the Oregon Fencing Alliance, Rebecca Ward, in the semifinals and defeated her 15–11. In the gold medal match, Zagunis faced the other top seed in the tournament, Sada Jacobson, and won, 15–8. With Ward's victory in the bronze medal match, fencers from the USA had won all three medals in the individual event.

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Fencing Epee and Fencing Tickets

Epee is the modern derivative of the dueling sword. It is the small sword itself descended from the rapier, used in sport fencing. Epee is French for "sword". As a thrusting weapon the epee is similar to a foil compared to a sabre, but has a stiffer blade that is V shaped in cross-section, has a larger bell guard, and is heavier. The technique however, is somewhat different, as there are no rules regarding priority and right of way. In addition, the entire body is a valid target area.

A modern epee for use by adult fencers has a blade which measures 90 centimeters from the bell guard to the tip; the maximum allowable mass is 770g, but most competition swords are much lighter, weighing 300g - 450g. Epees for use by children under 12 are shorter and lighter, making it easier for them to use.

The epee has a three sided blade, in contrast to the foil and sabre which are rectangular in cross section. In competitions a valid epee touch is scored if a fencer touches the opponent with enough force to depress the tip; by rule, this is a minimum force of 7.4 N. Since the hand is a valid target, the bell guard is much larger than that of the foil. The bell guard is typically made of aluminum or stainless steel. The tip is wired to a connector in the bell guard, then to an electronic scoring device or "box." The bell guard, blade, and handle of the epee are all grounded to the scoring box to prevent hits to the weapon from registering as touches.

In the groove formed by the V-shaped blade, there are two thin wires leading from the far end of the blade to a connector in the bell guard. These wires are held in place with strong glue. The amount of glue is kept to a minimum as in the unlikely case that a fencer manages a touch in that glue; the touch would be registered on the electrical equipment, as the glue is not conductive. In the event of tip to tip hits, a point should not be awarded. A "body cord" with a three-pronged plug at each end is placed underneath the fencer's clothing and attached to the connector in the bell guard, then to a wire leading to the scoring box. The scoring box signals with lights one for each fencer and a tone each time the tip is depressed.

The dueling sword developed in the 19th century when, under pressure from the authorities, duels were more frequently fought until "first blood" only, instead of to the death. Under this provision, it became sufficient to inflict a minor nick on the wrist or other exposed area on the opponent in order to win the duel. This had consequences for both fencing technique and design of the weapon. Rapiers with full cup guards had been made since the mid 17th century but were not widespread before the 19th century.

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Fencing Sabre and Fencing Tickets

The sabre is one of the three weapons of modern sport fencing, and is alternatively spelled saber in American English. The sabre differs from the other modern fencing weapons, the epee and foil, in that it is possible to score with the edge of the blade; for this reason, sabreur movements and attacks are very fast. For the other two weapons, valid touches are only scored using the point of the blade. Like foil, sabre uses the convention of right of way to determine who acquires the touch. The term sabreur refers to a male fencer who fences with a sabre. Sabreuse is the female equivalent.

The cross section of the sabre blade is Y or V shaped, unlike the quadrangular shape of the foil, but not as stiff as the epee. Adult blades are 88 cm in length. At the end of the blade, the point is folded over itself to form a button, although no actual button exists. The bell guard of the sword is curved around the handle, giving the fencer hand protection. On electrical sabres, a socket for the body wire is found underneath the bell guard. A fastener known as a pommel is attached to the end of the sword to keep the bell guard and handle on. The handle of a sabre is standard a straight saber grip, as other grips are incompatible with the bell guard. The entire weapon is generally 105 cm long. The maximum weight is 500g, but most competition swords are closer to 400g. It is shorter than the foil or epee, and lighter than the epee, making it easier to move swiftly and incisively. Many equate the sabre's blade to a matchstick, in that they are easy to snap but relatively cheap to replace.

At sabre, it is generally easier to attack than to defend and high-level international sabre fencing is often very fast and very simple, although when required, top sabreurs do display an extended repertoire of tactical devices. In response to the relatively high speed of sabre fencing, the rules for sabre were changed to prohibit the forward cross-over. Thus, the fleche attack is no longer permissible, so sabre fencers have instead begun to use a flying lunge. This attack begins like a fleche, but the fencer pushes off from the ground and moves quickly forward, attempting to land a hit before their feet cross over. Similarly, running attacks consisting of a failed fleche followed by continuous remises have also been eliminated.

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Fencing Foil and Fencing Tickets

The foil is light and flexible, originally developed in the mid 17^th  century as a training weapon for the Pariser small sword, a light one-handed sword designed almost exclusively for thrusting.

Electric foils have a push button on the point of the blade, which allows hits to be registered by an electronic scoring apparatus. In order to register, the button must be depressed with a force of at least 4.90 newtons for at least 15 milliseconds. Foil and Sabre fencers wear conductive jackets covering their target area, which allow the scoring apparatus to differentiate between on- and off-target hits.

The target area is restricted to the torso, including the front and back. A modification in FIE rules from 1 January 2009 includes as valid target area the part of the mask's bib below a straight line drawn between the shoulders; prior to this, the bib of the fencer's mask was not a valid target. International events such as Junior or Senior World Cup Events require the bib target. However, this rule has not been implemented uniformly in all National fencing organizations. European fencing organizations generally decided on September 1, 2009 as the date for all competitions to use the new rule.

Foil fencing is conducted using rules of right of way. The basic principle is that, if both fencers score a touch on the other, the fencer who began their offensive action first prevails, unless that offensive action fails. A fencer's action fails if it misses his/her opponent, or it is parried. If priority cannot be determined when both fencers have hit each other, no point is awarded.

The original idea behind the rules of foil fencing was to encourage fencers to defend and attack vital areas, and to fight in a methodical way with initiative passing back and forth between the combatants, thus minimizing the risk of a double death.

The target must be hit with the tip of the foil; a touch with any other part of the foil has no effect whatsoever and fencing continues uninterrupted. A touch on an off-target area halts the action, but does not score a point.

When an exchange ends in a hit, the referee will call "halt," and fencing will cease. The referee will then analyze the exchange and phrase it in official terminology. An example of this terminology would be "Attack from the left, no. Parry Riposte from the right is good. Touch right."

The first offensive action is called the attack. All defensive actions successfully deflecting an opponent's blade are called parries. An offensive action of a parrying fencer directly following the parry is called a riposte. An offensive action of a fencer, who attacks a second time without first withdrawing the arm after an unsuccessful first attack, is called a remise. An offensive action of a fencer from the on-guard position, after being parried and then returning to the on-guard position, is called a reprise. An offensive action of a fencer after his/her opponent has lost the right to riposte via inaction is called a redouble. An offensive action begun by a fencer who is being attacked by his/her opponent is called a counter-attack.

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Fencing Champion and Olympic Fencing

Sada Molly Jacobson (born February 14, 1983 in Rochester, Minnesota) is an American fencer. Her hometown is Dunwoody, GA. She is the 2008 Olympic Individual Sabre silver medalist and 2004 Olympic Individual Sabre bronze medalist. She has been training at Nellya fencers from a young age.

Jacobson is a daughter of David Jacobson, a member of the 1974 U.S. National fencing team in saber and now an endocrinologist, and Tina Jacobson, who has also fenced competitively.

She is the sister of fellow U.S. Olympic team fencer Emily Jacobson and world-class fencer Jackie Jacobson.

Jacobson swam competitively for 2 years in high school. She postponed her college career to train full-time for the 2004 Summer Olympics.

She graduated the Westminster Schools in 2000. She graduated with a history degree from Morse College, Yale University. She studied history at Yale University. She began law school at the University of Michigan in the fall of 2008.

She has been coached by Arkady Burdan of Nellya Fencers, and Henry Hartunian at Yale.

In 2004, she took a leave of absence from Yale University and qualified for the U.S. Olympic team. That year was the first in which women's individual sabre was contested at an Olympic Games.

At the Olympics, Jacobson beat Miclin Faez 15–4, in the round of 16. She beat Leonore Perrus in the quarterfinals 15–11 to advance to the semifinals. She lost to # 5 seed Tan Xue 15–12 in the semis. On August 17, she won the bronze medal by beating Catalina Gheorhitoaia 15–7. That match took place before the gold-silver match, and therefore Jacobsen became the first women's sabre Olympic medalist.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Jacobson was named the top seed.[16] She beat Mailyn González, 15–11, in the round of 32. In the round of 16, she trailed Ukrainian fencer Olga Kharlan8–5, but came back to win 15–13. In the quarterfinals, she beat Elena Khomrova 15–11.

Entering the semifinals, all three American fencers were still in the tournament. In the semifinals, Jacobson again trailed 8–5 at the break, but came back with 10 out of the final 13 touches in the bout, and defeated Sofiya Velikaya 15–11, assuring Jacobson of at least the silver medal. In the final, Jacobson lost to defending gold medalist, Mariel Zagunis, 15–8, and won the silver medal. The United States swept the event, with Zagunis winning the gold, Jacobson the silver, and Rebecca Ward the bronze.

When the three medal winners finished their group hug, a gentleman in the front row, moved by the show of emotion, reached into his pocket and produce a neatly folded white handkerchief, handing it down to Jacobson. Her silver medal still hanging around her neck by a bright red ribbon, she laughed, dabbed her eyes and handed it back. The man laughed with her and dabbed his own eyes. Moments later Jacobson thought, "Maybe I should have kept it." But by then the hanky, full of her tears, was back in the pocket of former president George H.W. Bush.

In the women's sabre team event, the US was heavily favored to win the team event. Jacobson teamed up with Zagunis and Ward to defeat the South African team in the quarterfinals, 45–8. In the semifinals, they fenced the team from the Ukraine. The Ukrainians, seeded fifth, defeated the favored US team 45–39, denying them a gold medal, and placing them in the bronze medal bout against France.

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Olympic Fencing

  Fencing is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games. The sport of fencing is divided into three weapons.

Foil: a light thrusting weapon that targets the torso, including the back, but not the arms. Touches are scored only with the tip; hits with the side of the blade do not count, and do not halt the action. Touches that land outside of the target area stop the action, and are not scored. Only a single hit can be scored by either fencer at one time. If both fencers hit at the same time, the referee uses the rules of right of way to determine which fencer gets the point.

Sabre: a light cutting and thrusting weapon that targets the entire body above the waist, except for the hands. Hits with the edges of the blade as well as the tip are valid. As in foil, touches which land outside of the target area are not scored. However, unlike foil, these off-target touches do not stop the action, and the fencing continues. In the case of both fencers landing a scoring touch, the referee determines which fencer receives the point for the action.

Epee: a heavier thrusting weapon that targets the entire body. All hits must be with the tip and not the sides of the blade. Touches hit by the side of the blade do not halt the action. Unlike foil and sabre, Epee does not use right of way, and allows simultaneous hits by both fencers. However, if the score is tied at the last point and a double touch is scored, nobody is awarded the point.

The earliest surviving treatise on fencing, stored at the Royal Armories Museum in Leeds, England, dates from around 1300 AD and is from Germany. It is known as I.33 and written in medieval and Middle High German and deals with an advanced system of using the sword and buckler (smallest shield) together.

From 1400 onwards an increasing number of fencing treatises survived from across Europe, with the majority from the 15th century coming from Germany and Italy. In this period these arts were largely reserved for the knighthood and the nobility – hence most treatises deal with knightly weapons, such as the roundel dagger, long sword, spear, poll axe and armored fighting mounted and on foot. Wrestling, both with and without weapons, armored and unarmored, was also featured heavily in the early fencing treatises.

By the 16th century, with the widespread adoption of the printing press, the increase in the urban population and other social changes, the number of treatises increased dramatically. After around 1500 carrying swords became more acceptable in most parts of Europe. The growing middle classes meant that more men could afford to carry swords, learn fencing and be seen as gentlemen. By the middle of the 16th century many European cities contained great numbers of fencing schools, often clustered together, such as in London at "Hanging Sword Lane". Italian fencing masters were particularly popular and set up schools in many foreign cities. The Italians brought concepts of science to the art, appealing to the Renaissance mindset.

Olympic fencing refers to the fencing seen in most current competitions, including the Olympic Games and the World Cup. Competitions are conducted according to rules laid down by the FIE, the international governing body. These rules evolved from a set of conventions developed in Europe between mid-17th and early 20th century. The three Olympic weapons are foil, epee, and sabre. In competition, the validity of touches is determined by the electronic scoring apparatus and a set of rules called right of way or priority to eliminate referee error and bias. Olympic 2012 is held in London. Olympic Tickets are being sold in large amount. Purchasing ratio of Fencing Tickets is higher than other Olympic Tickets. Global Ticket Market is very trustful, secure, easy and having lesser prices for all Olympic Tickets. If you want to pur chase Fencing Tickets, just go to Global Ticket Market and buy Fencing Ticket easily at very cheap rate.